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- THE TEMPEST
-
- Background
- THE King's Men acted The Tempest before their patron, James I, at Whitehall
- on 1 November 1611. (It was also chosen for performance during the festivities
- for the marriage of James's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, to the Elector Palatine
- during the winter of 1612-13.) Shakespeare's play takes place on a desert island
- somewhere between Tunis and Naples; he derived some details of it from his
- reading of travel literature, including accounts of an expedition of nine ships
- taking five hundred colonists from Plymouth to Virginia, which set sail in May
- 1609. On 29 July the flagship, the Sea-Adventure, was wrecked by a storm on
- the coast of the Bermudas. She was presumed lost, but on 23 May 1610 those
- aboard her arrived safely in Jamestown, Virginia, having found shelter on the
- island of Bermuda, where they were able to build the pinnaces in which they
- completed their journey. Accounts of the voyage soon reached England; the
- last-written that Shakespeare seems to have known is a letter by William
- Strachey, who was on the Sea-Adventure, dated 15 July 1610; though it was not
- published until 1625, it circulated in manuscript. So it seems clear that
- Shakespeare wrote The Tempest during the later part of 1610 or in 1611. It was
- first printed in the 1623 Folio, where it is the opening play.
-
- Though other items of Shakespeare's reading - including both Arthur Golding's
- translation and Ovid's original Metamorphoses (closely echoed in Prospero's
- farewell to his magic), John Florio's translation of essays by Michel de
- Montaigne, and (less locally but no less pervasively) Virgil's Aeneid - certainly
- fed Shakespeare's imagination as he wrote The Tempest, he appears to have
- devised the main plot himself. Many of its elements are based on the familiar
- stuff of romance literature: the long-past shipwreck after a perilous voyage of
- Prospero and his daughter Miranda; the shipwreck, depicted in the opening
- scene, of Prospero's brother, Antonio, with Alonso, King of Naples, and others;
- the separation and estrangement of relatives - Antonio usurped Prospero's
- dukedom, and Alonso believes his son, Ferdinand, is drowned; the chaste love,
- subjected to trials, of the handsome Ferdinand and the beautiful Miranda; the
- influence of the supernatural exercised through Prospero's magic powers; and
- the final reunions and reconciliations along with the happy conclusion of the
- love affair. Shakespeare had employed such conventions from the beginning of
- his career in his comedies, and with especial concentration, shortly before he
- wrote The Tempest, in Pericles, The Winter's Tale, and Cymbeline. But whereas
- those plays unfold the events as they happen, taking us on a journey through
- time and space, in The Tempest (as elsewhere only in The Comedy of Errors)
- Shakespeare gives us only the end of the story, concentrating the action into a
- few hours and locating it in a single place, but informing us about the past, as in
- the long, romance-type narrative (1.2) in which Prospero tells Miranda of her
- childhood. The supernatural, a strong presence in all Shakespeare's late plays, is
- particularly pervasive in The Tempest; Prospero is a æwhiteÆ magician - a
- beneficent one - attended by the spirit Ariel and the sub-human Caliban, two of
- Shakespeare's most obviously symbolic characters; and a climax of the play is
- the supernaturally induced wedding masque that Prospero conjures up for the
- entertainment and edification of the young lovers, and which vanishes as he
- remembers Caliban's plot against his life.
-
-
- THE PERSONS OF THE PLAY
-
- PROSPERO, the rightful Duke of Milan
- MIRANDA, his daughter
-
- ANTONIO, his brother, the usurping Duke of Milan
- ALONSO, King of Naples
- SEBASTIAN, his brother
- FERDINAND, Alonso's son
- GONZALO, an honest old counsellor of Naples
- ADRIAN }
- FRANCISCO } lords
-
- ARIEL, an airy spirit attendant upon Prospero
- CALIBAN, a savage and deformed native of the island, Prospero's slave
-
- TRINCULO, Alonso's jester
- STEFANO, Alonso's drunken butler
-
- The MASTER of a ship
- BOATSWAIN
- MARINERS
- SPIRITS
-
- The Masque
- Spirits appearing as:
- IRIS
- CERES
- JUNO
- Nymphs, reapers
-
-
-
- Act 1 Scene 1
-
- (A tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning heard. Enter severally a
- Shipmaster and a Boatswain)
- l1l Master Boatswain!
- l2l Boatswain Here, Master. What cheer?
- l3l Master Good, speak to thÆ mariners. Fall to Æt yarely, or
- l4l we run ourselves aground. Bestir, bestir!
- (Exit)
- (Enter Mariners)
- l5l Boatswain Heigh, my hearts! Cheerly, cheerly, my hearts!
- l6l Yare, yare! Take in the topsail! Tend to thÆ MasterÆs
- l7l whistle!ùBlow till thou burst thy wind, if room enough.
- (Enter Alonso, Sebastian, Antonio, Ferdinand, Gonzalo,
- and others)
- l8l Alonso Good Boatswain, have care. WhereÆs the Master?
- l9l (To the Mariners) Play the men!
- l10l Boatswain I pray now, keep below.
- l11l Antonio Where is the Master, Boatswain?
- l12l Boatswain Do you not hear him? You mar our labour.
- l13l Keep your cabins; you do assist the storm.
- l14l Gonzalo Nay, good, be patient.
- l15l Boatswain When the sea is. Hence! What cares these
- l16l roarers for the name of king? To cabin! Silence; trouble
- l17l us not.
- l18l Gonzalo Good, yet remember whom thou hast aboard.
- l19l Boatswain None that I more love than myself. You are
- l20l a councillor; if you can command these elements to
- l21l silence and work peace of the present, we will not hand
- l22l a rope more. Use your authority. If you cannot, give
- l23l thanks you have lived so long and make yourself ready
- l24l in your cabin for the mischance of the hour, if it so
- l25l hap. (To the Mariners) Cheerly, good hearts!
- l26l (To Gonzalo) Out of our way, I say!
- (Exit)
- l27l Gonzalo I have great comfort from this fellow. Methinks
- l28l he hath no drowning mark upon him; his complexion
- l29l is perfect gallows. Stand fast, good Fate, to his hanging.
- l30l Make the rope of his destiny our cable, for our own
- l31l doth little advantage. If he be not born to be hanged,
- l32l our case is miserable.
- (Exeunt Courtiers)
- (Enter Boatswain)
- l33l Boatswain Down with the topmast! Yare! Lower, lower!
- l34l Bring her to try wiÆ thÆ main-course!
- (A cry within)
- l35l A plague upon this howling! They are louder than the
- l36l weather, or our office.
- (Enter Sebastian, Antonio, and Gonzalo)
- l37l Yet again? What do you here? Shall we give oÆer and
- l38l drown? Have you a mind to sink?
- l39l Sebastian A pox oÆ your throat, you bawling, blasphemous,
- l40l incharitable dog!
- l41l Boatswain Work you, then.
- l42l Antonio Hang, cur, hang, you whoreson insolent noise-
- l43l maker. We are less afraid to be drowned than thou art.
- (Exeunt Mariners)
- l44l Gonzalo IÆll warrant him for drowning, though the ship
- l45l were no stronger than a nutshell and as leaky as an
- l46l unstanched wench.
- l47l Boatswain Lay her a-hold, a-hold! Set her two courses!
- l48l Off to sea again! Lay her off!
- (Enter Mariners, wet)
- l49l Mariners All lost! To prayers, to prayers! All lost!
- (Exeunt Mariners)
- l50l Boatswain What, must our mouths be cold?
- l51l Gonzalo The King and Prince at prayers! LetÆs assist them,
- l52l For our case is as theirs.
- Sebastian IÆm out of patience.
- l53l Antonio We are merely cheated of our lives by drunkards.
- l54l This wide-chopped rascalùwould thou mightst lie
- drowning
- l55l The washing of ten tides.
- Gonzalo HeÆll be hanged yet,
- l56l Though every drop of water swear against it
- l57l And gape at widÆst to glut him.
- (A confused noise within)
- Mariners (within) Mercy on us!
- l58l We split, we split! Farewell, my wife and children!
- l59l Farewell, brother! We split, we split, we split!
- (Exit Boatswain)
- l60l Antonio LetÆs all sink wiÆ thÆ King.
- Sebastian LetÆs take leave of him.
- (Exeunt Antonio and Sebastian)
- l61l Gonzalo Now would I give a thousand furlongs of sea
- l62l for an acre of barren ground: long heath, broom, furze,
- l63l anything. The wills above be done, but I would fain
- l64l die a dry death.
- (Exit)
-